Future Direction in Organization Development Essay

The field of OD is advancing, however so too is the setting inside which OD is applied. As summed up in figure 25-2. A few interrelated patterns are influencing the setting inside which OD will be applied sooner rather than later. They concern different parts of the economy, the workforce, innovation, and associations. Now and again, the patterns will legitimately affert OD practice. Innovation patterns, for example, Internet entries, voice over the web, and remote system, will no uncertainty impact how OD experts speak with association individuals, encourage groups, and oversee change. Different patterns, for example, the expanding convergence of riches, speak to significant logical powers that will by implication influence OD through their associations with different patterns. The Economy Researchers and futurist have portrayed an assortment of financial situations, and there is subtantial understanding that the world’s economy is amidst a progress from the modern age that described a significant part of the twentieth century. Despite the fact that these situations ditier in their points of interest, they all fit under the rubric of globalization, and a significant number of similar patterns are recognized as drivers, including innovation, workforce, and association, which will be talked about independently. The fall of the Berlin Wall, the and of politically-sanctioned racial segregation, the separation of the previous Soviet Union, the production of the European Union, fear based oppressor assaults in a wide range of nations, and the rise of the chinese and indian economies are key occasions in the progress to a worldwide economy. Associations from arround the world are progressively ready to move their assembling from high-to low-work cost nations. Execute universal mergers and acquisitions, and construct overall administrations organizations. The rise of worldwide economy is well under way, however the guarantee and defense of that procedure is a long way from complete. The underlying strides toward globalization have filled genuine value decline in numerous customers items, gave work to individuals in less-created countries, and driven income development in an assortment of ventures. Anyway , the progress to a worldwide economy is generally un overseen, and there is expanding worry over its social and natural results. This brings up inconvenience a few issues around three key issues: social assorted variety, pay dissemination, and natural maintainability. To start with, progressing to a worldwide economy is a perplexing and overwhelming procedure that includes associations, innovation, individuals, and governments. Yhe job and capacity of national governments and the significance of social decent variety in the process isn't surely known. There are not many for the most part acknowledged rules. From one perspective, a few financial specialists contend that globalization is useful for nations and societies. The refer to various case of how music, workmanship, political idea, innovation, and different antiquities of culture have crossed limits and improved people’s encounters. Other contend that legislatures must face the troublesome decision of safeguarding or relinquishing their way of life. Seconds, globalization of the economy is firmly identified with an expanding convergence of riches in moderately barely any people, organizations, and countries. Third, there are progressively clear alerts that the biological system can never again be treated as a factor of creation, and that achievement can't be characterized as the collections of riches and material merchandise to the detriment of nature. The ends from the intergovernmental board on environmental change propose that industrialization is certifiably not a dubious yet a reasonable justification of an Earth-wide temperature boost. Seceral customary associations are holding since quite a while ago held assessments about their commitment to ecological rot by defining agressive objectives to diminish ozone harming substances. The Workforce The workforce is getting progressively various, taught, and unexpected. Part 18 archived the assorted variety pattern and recommended that associations, whatever they work principally in their nation of origin or abroad, should create strategies and working styles that grasp the evolving social, ethnic, sexual orientation, and age decent variety of the workforce. Innovation By practically any measure, data innovation is a huge and progressively regular unavoidable truth. An expected 150. 9 million overall web clients in 1998 developed to 605. 6 million of every 2002. In 2007, as per a web world details gauge, in excess of 1,24 billion individuals were on the web, and of those, 37% were in asia. The web is the foundation of a worldwide economy, and despite the fact that the innovation area of endured monetary misfortunes, not many individuals question its future significance. At the center of data innovation is E-trade, an economy that knows no limits. Online business includes utilizing computerized teller machines, purchasing games, on your PDA, purchasing ang selling items and administrations over the web, and selling publicizing space. This scope of exercises makes assessing the size of the E-business advertise troublesome. Two sort of E-trade appear to be especially applicable to OD’s future: business-to-shopper and business-to-business. Business to purchaser advertise accumulates a lot of consideration and mindfulness since it is the means by which the general population takes part in E-trade. This consideration and mindfulness since it is the means by which people in general takes an interest in E-trade. This market, which incorporates E-rears such us Amazon. com, eBay. com. in these organizations, OD must assist with making and actualize novel plans of action. The authoritative issues in the business to business advertise are much progressively perplexing. A genuine case of the suggestions and capability of this market is the worldwide vehicle industry’s production of an online store. Notwithstanding giving the foundation to E-business, innovation is additionally changing and empowering an assortment of hierarchical procedures. New advancements, for example, SAP or PeopleSoft, drive changes in how data and work data and work forms are facilitated and overseen: they additionally require adjustment in the manner in which efficiency is estimated.

Case study based assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Based task - Case Study Example Abrupt herniation through the foramen magnum (back of the skull) is deadly (Kennedy, 2001). Expanded ICP is characterized as a supported rise in pressure above 20mm of Hg/cm of H20. The craniospinal hole might be considered as an inflatable. During moderate increment in volume in a constant mode, the ICP raises to a level at which the expansion level of CSF ingestion stays up with the expansion in volume. Irregular extension causes just a transient ascent in ICP from the start. At the point when adequate CSF has been assimilated to suit the volume the ICP comes back to typical. Extension to a basic volume does anyway cause determined raise in ICP, which from there on increments logarithmically with expanding volume. The ICP at long last ascents to the degree of blood vessel pressure, which it self starts to build (Thamburaj, 2004). Raised ICP causes blood vessel hypertension, bradycardia (Cushing's reaction) and respiratory changes. It is customarily acknowledged that hypertension and bradycardia are because of ischaemia or weight on the brainstem. There is additionally a proposal that they could be because of expulsion of supratentorial hindrance of brainstem vasopressor focuses because of cerebral ischaemia and that bradycardia is free of the ascent in circulatory strain. The respiratory changes rely upon the degree of brainstem included. The midbrain inclusion results in Chyne-Stokes breath. At the point when midbrain and pons are included, there is supported hyperventilation. There is quick and shallow breath when upper medulla contribution with ataxic taking in the last stages. Pneumonic edema is by all accounts because of expanded thoughtful movement because of the impacts of raised ICP on the nerve center, medulla or cervical spinal line (Thamburaj, 2004). There are noticeable signs that point out that Joyce is surely experiencing expanded intracranial weight. The most noteworthy of which was the enlargement of the left eye. It was uncovered in the appraisal information that Joyce's understudy in the left eye is more prominent than her correct eye. This solitary shows that there is failing in her inside head part or inside the mind, especially in the correct side of her cerebrum. it ought to be noticed that enlargement of the eyes must be equivalent on the two sides because of ordinary working inside the cerebrum. Also, in light of the fact that the left eye's student is widened more than the correct eye, it must be accepted that there is an exceptionally solid weight inside the mind, compelling the left eye's understudy to be enlarged vigorously. Another noteworthy information that shows that the patient is experiencing raised intracranial weight is her irregular circulatory strain, internal heat level and intracranial weight rates. These three angles are past as well as under the ordinary furthest reaches of a normal individual. Joyce's circulatory strain is low (the ordinary pulse is 110/70 - 120/80). This must be that there is something incorrectly in her blood course which can be influenced by the electrolytes as well as failing of a portion of her body organs, nerves and frameworks. Her internal heat level is past as far as possible which is 37 degree Celsius to 37.5 degree Celsius (Dunn, 2002). Strange circulatory strain likewise shows that her blood dissemination and body organs are not working appropriately in this manner influencing the creation of body heat. Joyce's intracranial weight is likewise high and over the restriction of the typical rate. This mirrors there is an expanded intracr

A College Summer Break

A College Summer Break Summer break can be a few months of relaxation and full of traveling, but college can bring other opportunities into your life! This summer I will be spending my summer in Champaign, doing a lot of different things. I am happy to say that I will continue blogging while I stay on campus over the summer. I’ll update you all on what’s going on around campus and my take on my first-ever summer here at school. Also, as a junior right now I am thinking about my post-graduation plans and what career I want to pursue in the future. Over break I will begin to apply to dental schools and prepare myself for any upcoming interviews! This seems like a daunting task, but it is nice to have resources on campus, like the career center, to give me tips and advice on how to strengthen my personal statement and resume. On top of that, I will be taking a summer course at school. The option of taking courses during breaks gives students, like me, a chance to get ahead in my curriculum while still getting the full experience of a regular semester-long course. I am grateful for this opportunity that gives me the option to potentially graduate early, too! While doing all of this, I will be working as an Illinois Student Admissions Representative (iSTAR) full-time. This lets me to make a few extra bucks during break so I can save it for future spending! So, looks like I’ll be a busy gal this summer! There are numerous opportunities to get involved on campus during breaks. Whatever interests you, Illinois has it! Kripa Class of 2020 I'm majoring in Psychology, minoring in Spanish, and pursuing a pre-dental track. It seems like I’m all over the place, but that’s what I like about college! I get to choose to study what I’m interested in, and I’m happy to be doing just that at Illinois.

John Lewis A Chain Of Upmarket Store Operating...

John Lewis is a chain of upmarket store operating throughout United Kingdom and owned by John Lewis Partnership. John Lewis is the largest retailer in the UK and started trading in 1864 on London1s Oxford Street and a growing online business (John Lewis, 2016). The John Lewis Partnership is unique: it’s the UK’s largest example of co-ownership and its activities are governed by a principles-based Constitution (John , 2016). John Lewis Partnership owns the leading retail business of Waitrose and John Lewis, as well as John Lewis Broadband (provided by Plusnet plc) and John Lewis Insurance services (John , 2016). . The competitiveness of John Lewis is influenced by the changes in different external environmental factors, which includes Politics, Economic, Social, Technology, Environment and Legal. Task 1 The competitiveness is influenced by the changes of Technology. Technology is/and still playing a vital role in any business. The growth of online selling in the UK and the world has led to large increase in its online sales. The raising numbers of people, who own computers, smartphones and tablets; and having access to internet which has a high positive impact for their online sales. As there is an increase in demand of new technology, developments of new tablets, computers are rising in popularity and John Lewis sells a wide range of these. For John Lewis to keep up with the demands of their customers they had to move in-line with the recent development of newShow MoreRelatedCompetitive Environment And Maintaining Customer Relationships1677 Words   |  7 Pagesvital for a business to know enough about their customers and to know the wants and needs of the customers. Britain s largest employee-owned retailer, the John Lewis Partnership owns Waitrose, a chain of British supermarkets, which comprise the food retail division of the Partnership. As of 2016, Waitrose has 336 branches across the United Kingdom, which is 5.3% share of the market, making Waitrose the sixth-largest grocery retailer in the UK. When the retail industry is considered globally, it isRead MoreTesco s And Selection, Personality And Finally Motivation1789 Words   |  8 Pagesorganisations which are Tesco’s and John Lewis. I will be discussing the different types of key theories and practises used in each of the business and how they have helped the business to become successful. The three key areas that this assignment will be based upon are Recruitment and Selection, Personality and finally Motivation. Tesco’s was first found in 1919 by Jack Cohen since the it has grown in to the largest supermarket retailer in the United Kingdom which also operates in fourteen otherRead MoreSecondary Research3401 Words   |  14 Pagesthey have a gap in their market. I feel that adding a food hall to their chain of stores would be successful. This could potentially be very risky for the business as it means they are entering a market they don’t really have any experience in with products they aren’t used to. The food halls will not be an extension onto the existing stores; they will be a completely different brand, following in the footsteps of John Lewis and Waitrose. Though, it won’t be completely rebranded – I will still useRead MoreOnline Grocery Business10398 Words   |  42 Pagesof B2C e-commerce in the grocery business: fulfillment center and fulfillment process. The case will also describe ASDA’s efforts in overcoming problems with their home-sh opping fulfillment model and present important elements of ASDA.com’s virtual store and its operation. The paper concludes with the challenges that ASDA.com has been facing, their current status, and future prospects. Keywords: B2C e-commerce; digital economy; distribution channels; e-business; e-commerce expansion; e-commerce implementation;e-commerceRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesstored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. This book may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form of binding or cover other than that in which itRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages3. Marketing concept s 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of production to the point of consumption.

The Future Of Enlightenment - 996 Words

The Future of Enlightenment Balpreet Palha 214985881 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of HUMA 1910, York University Mark Terry, TA†¨ Tutorial # 3 Enlightenment was a prevalent topic in the 18th century. In 1784 Kant, Immanuel wrote An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?. In which Kant sheds light on the distinction between public and private reason using many different instances. Kant proposes that public use of freedom is essential for enlightenment, but says the private reason is not as useful as public. Similarly, this paper will argue that public freedom can more effectively lead to enlightenment, but private reasoning can also lead to enlightenment using present day examples, comparing past and present circumstances and indulging into the outcome of both private and public reasons. Kant explains, â€Å"Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one’s understanding without guidance from another† (Kant, 35). Although immaturity in today’s linguistic language is thought of as being irresponsible or childish, Kant however uses immaturity to describe the incapability to be able to think on your own. Additionally Kant explains that an immature person becomes so dependent on others to make his decisions that he overlooks thinking for himself. Kant uses an analogy of restrained animals, like cattle and how they â€Å"will not dare take a single step without go-cart to which theyShow MoreRelatedThe Age Of Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution1675 Words   |  7 Pagessocial norms and scientific advances. Although the industrial revolution and the scientific revolution represented a giant leap forward in human development, the Age of Enlightenment delivered the greatest influen ce for the future American society and planted the way for cultural and humanistic enrichment. The Age of the Enlightenment raised new concepts in education, democracy, and human freedom. The new humanistic philosophy promoted the polish of the human intelligence and made education a longingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Fountain 963 Words   |  4 Pagesworld of The fountain, there are three planes of existence which correlate to the past, present, and future/consciousness. Darren Aronofsky intertwines these three times periods creating a nonlinear perspective of time, but it is in line with the general plot of the movie. Aronofsky wants the viewer to link the time periods together where the past is the story depicted in the book, and the future can be seen as his consciousness. A character that stays apparent in these settings is Izzi. IzziRead MoreThe Enlightenment and the Emergence of Free Thinkers Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment brought a wave of new t hought and information into a society dominated by one controlling force: The Church. This final authority over the people in these dark times controlled them with religious dogma and powerful â€Å"suggestive† power over their state leaders. Being the largest and richest organization in the world for centuries gave The Church the ability to squash any free thinkers. Before the printing press, the majority of the educated and literate were the christian monksRead MoreThe Enlightenment : The Greatest Impact Of The Enlightenment945 Words   |  4 Pageswould be very different if the Enlightenment did not occur in the 18th century. With people like Immanuel Kant, Baron de Montesquieu, and John Locke, the Enlightenment was one of the most revolutionary events to ever occur. For example, Immanuel Kant explored human experiences, Montesquieu believed that there should be three branches of government, and John Locke believed in the social contract and the ability to own life, li berty and property. The ideas of the Enlightenment drastically changed the worldRead MoreEssay about Kants Views on Enlightenment505 Words   |  3 PagesKants Views on Enlightenment The best summary of Kants view of Enlightenment lies in the first paragraph of his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?: Sapere Aude. Translated dare to know, the phrase is the motto of enlightenment. For Kant, enlightenment means rising from the self-imposed stupor which substitutes obedience for reason and which atrophies mans ability to think for himself and develop his natural capacities. Laziness and cowardice prevent man fromRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1471 Words   |  6 Pagesof the French Revolution sparked by philosophies of Enlightenment, will impact the future. Historical figures such as Robespierre heading the Great Assembly will drive change in culture through the revolution, in hopes of achieving enlightened societies. The 18th century marks the beginning of modern history. The French revolution playing a role in furthering Enlightenment, will led to a chain of events that will change the course of the future and moderniz e the world through the intellectual andRead MoreAn Analysis of Candide Story by Voltaire1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Candide or Optimism† was written in the enlightenment era. Voltaire story is published in The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Voltaire’s character, Pangolss, is a philosopher who teaches about God morals. Pangolss is also a mentor to Candide, who is the main character of the novel. Candide has a good heart but is also feel s very hopeless in life. Pangloss takes Candide under his wing and teaches him that â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† The enlightenment movement is seen closely in VoltaireRead MoreEssay on Life and its Quest: Personal Experience917 Words   |  4 Pagesgood or bad. Thus, no two people will have the same quest because every person is unique and will have a different life. There are an infinite amount of paths and choices that one can take, and that is what makes the quest in life worthwhile. Enlightenmen t in this sense is not knowing all about the world, but is rather finding an inner peace and happiness with oneself and one’s life by gaining new experiences. My father was the very person who opened up this view of life to my eyes. As a childRead MoreThe Objectivity Of The Enlightenment1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe objectivity of the enlightenment, which explains everything through mathematical and scientific laws, is in itself the impediment within progress because to detach the emotional aspect of reason within rationale results in fragmented knowledge; it is only when both realms of knowledge and emotion intertwine within the genius that progression will readily manifest and prosper in ratiocination. While certain personas and events in Arcadia typify Enlightenment characterization, others depict characterizationRead MoreBuddhism : Then And Now1035 Words   |  5 Pageshe saw it, there was no point in life if there was so much suffering. At age 29, Siddhartha set out into the world to find enlightenment. After a 6 year journey, after meditation, starvation, and torture, Siddhartha finally received his enlightenment. He was meditating under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya, India, and said he would not move until he gained perfect enlightenment. Devaputra Mara, demon of all demons brought an army of his kind to disturb Siddhartha during his meditation. When that did

Dissertation Guide on Wireless Mobile Communication Technology in Nigeria Free Essays

The following dissertation guide seeks to investigate how wireless mobile communication technology could be implemented in rural areas of Nigeria, to help assist Public Health concerns. Background research The history of Nigeria dates back to 9000 years BCE. Beyond the slavery, postcolonial British rule, instability and civil wars, a democratic rule is now at the centre of Africa’s most populated country [1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation Guide on Wireless Mobile Communication Technology in Nigeria or any similar topic only for you Order Now With a population of approximately 140 million peoples and an area almost spanning 1 million kilometres squared, although English is the official national language, regional languages still remain and are spoken across Nigeria. Languages including Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba, reflect the four main groups of which the population of Nigeria are subdivided; inNorth Africa, Hausa and Fulani, in the southwest Yoruba and the Igbo in the southeast [2]. There are 37 federal states inNigeria, with Abuja as the State Federal Capital, situated at the epicentre of Nigeria[3]. A project of the public health foundation of Nigeria was set up with the primary objective to reenergise Nigerian Health communities and bridge relations with the health sector to improve health for Nigerians nationwide [4]. Numerous communication systems involving wireless communication for use in transmitting voice, video and data in local or wide areas have evolved within the last century including such things as wireless local area networks, multidirectional wireless cellular systems, wireless bridges and satellite communication systems [5]. Two companies Zain and the internationally renound Ericsson companies have collaborated with the United Nations into Nigeria, with the aim of alleviating poverty and bring a sense of autonomy to rural people in Nigeria. With the advent of the â€Å"Millennium Village Project† the future looks bright for the health of rural communities in Nigeria[6]. References [1] Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. A history of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. (2008). [2] http://www.trust.org/alertnet/country-profiles/nigeria/ [3] http://www.citypopulation.de/Nigeria.html#Land [4] http://www.phfn.org/ [5] Encyclopedia of Wireless and MobileCommunications. Editor, Borko Furht. 2008. ISBN: 978-1-4200-4326-6 (hardback) 978-1-4200-5562-7 (electronic) [6] http://www.itnewsafrica.com/?p=2678 Core issues that shall be addressed in the literature review: Four main areas shall be the focal point of this review. 1) Federal Republic of Nigeria- country profile including; government, GDP, geography area, people; languages, population density, population growth, races/religions/tribes, poverty fraction. 2) Health system in Nigeria – with emphasis on Public health, history of public health inNigeria, how it was set up, development since, management programmes 3) Access to public health for remote and rural communities –, what is considered a â€Å"remote community† – choosing two/three regions, take an in depth look at the measures adopted to ensure patients in these areas have access to the health system. Is the health they receive different from that of other area such as the Capital Abuja, how is it different and what are the reasons for them. 4) Wireless Mobile Communication technology – What is itWhen was it invented, potential uses, how it has been utilised so far and in what circumstances. How will it be implemented into public health programmes, costs involved, what effects (positive/negative) will it have on the social and medical outlook for these remote regions. How to cite Dissertation Guide on Wireless Mobile Communication Technology in Nigeria, Essays

Customer Support Management Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Good Management Of A Help Desk. Answer: Introduction A helpdesk refers on an organization which provides for a single point of contact for all users who are need or who require technical support (Beisse, 2015). A help desk is aimed at enhancing client satisfaction through efficiently and effectively resolving any pertinent questions and problems. That apart, it is important to note that another one of the primary focus of a help desk is actually to serve its customers and also collect the contacts of their customers. One of the significant features that are required in the effective or good management of a help desk is good information technology (IT) skills. This implies that help desk agents must therefore be well conversant with not only operating systems, hardware, and application software. That apart, in order to ensure the effective management of any helpdesk, then it is prudent to ensure that help desk agents not only have web and internet expertise but they also have the relevant network experience and skills that can enable them to effectively deal with customers in the organization (Williams et al, 2016). That apart, a comprehension of the information systems as well as the business perspectives will greatly enable people at the help desk to deliver efficient or good services to all the stakeholders in their respective organizations. An Excellent Reporting System This is also of the significant or key features in the efficient or good management of a help desk. This is quite true since the reporting system is actually one of the excellent features which are attributed to the help desk (Conger, 2015). This is quite true since it is tasked with the responsibility of reporting how much time was actually spend on customer inquiry as well as the specific people who were involved. Having an excellent reporting system is an important feature in the efficient or good management of a help desk because it permits for advanced and effective communication between employees and clients using proper channels such as emails, chats, and even automated phone follow ups (SB Bala, 2014). Having an excellent reporting system will also ensure that spam blockers are put in place. The issue of spam in the inbox is actually one of the significant problems which are faced by big organizations. Having much spam in the inbox makes it difficult for people in the help desk to go through the emails. This thus implies that the selection of an excellent reporting system means that the helpdesk will not only have the best customer support but it also implies that only genuine emails will be reflected in the inbox (Beisse, 2014). It can therefore be truly asserted that having excellent customer support and helpdesk support is quite essential for not only small and medium enterprises but also for large organizations because it will guarantee better and efficient help desk and business operations for an organization. It is important to note that having a good and effective management of a help desk truly offers both faster and unique solutions to customers and other organizational stakeholders thus earning their trusts highly. Presentation to Senior Management and Help Desk Team Leaders at Wombatphone Mobile Phone Company Owing to the fact that Wombatphones reputation has indeed gone from bad to worse, it is important that corrective action is taken in order to remedy the situation and restore its lost glory (Czegel, 2015). This implies that there should be a stop in the rude treatment of customers by the agents and ensures that such agents do not actually provide any misleading or wrong information to the companys organization. The revamping of the help desk for Wombatphone will be quite critical for the organization because not only will lead to the retention of its customers but it will also help in attracting of new customers thus making the organization to attain high profitability. Improving support services and maintaining standards at Wombatphone Company In order to ensure that support services and standards are maintained at Wombatphone Company, it is important to ensure that all agents are retrained on how they can enhance their communication skills so that they can effectively handle the companys customers in a courteous manner. That apart, it is prudent to ensure that the employees in the organization are made aware of the importance of not only improving themselves through having better or enhanced communication skills, but also inform them on how they will be trained and how the measurement of their achievements shall be done (De Voort et al, 2014). Communication is an important aspect in each and every organization and thus it is prudent to ensure all agents are well trained. It is quite important for agents to become aware of the call wait times and problem resolution skills (Laudon Laudon, 2016). The call wait times will make agents become aware of the maximum waiting period that customers will have to wait while knowing how best to resolve problems in the organization will help an organization to have lesser problems among all stakeholders. References Azeta, A. A., Omoregbe, N. A., Gberevbie, D. E., Ikpefan, O. A., Ayo, C. K., Misra, S., Williams, J. T. (2016). Motivating Effective Ict Userssupport Through Automated Mobile Edu-Helpdesk System. International Journal Of Pharmacy Technology. Beisse, F. (2014). A guide to computer user support for help desk and support specialists. Nelson Education. Beisse, F. (2015). Computer User Support for help Desk and Support Specialists. New York: Cengage Learning. Chowdhury, S., Schulz, E., Milner, M., Van De Voort, D. (2014). Core employee based human capital and revenue productivity in small firms: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Research, 67(11), 2473-2479. Conger, S. (2015). Six sigma and business process management. In Handbook on Business Process Management 1 (pp. 127-146). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Czegel, B. (2015). Help desk practitioner's handbook. John Wiley Sons. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2016). Management information system. Pearson Education India. SB, P., Bala, E. S. (2014). Role of Information Technology in Effective Implementation of Customer Relationship Management. Journal ofMarketing Communication, 9(3).

Performance Management Analysis

Introduction In the recent past, there has been a shifting paradigm from Taylor’s model of organizational management to more productive methods of production. The new methods aim at increasing production through efficient management of human and capital resources. A number of scholars have conducted extensive research to establish the effects of various managerial techniques on the performance of employees.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Performance Management Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some researchers note that task formulation is the most notable aspect of management, whereas others observe that the availability of human resources is the crucial factor that influences the performance of the management team. However, scholars concur that three factors are essential as far as the best managerial practices are concerned. One of the factors is production management while the other is the or ganization of work. In addition, the relationship between various groups in the organization influences the performance of employees. Scholars agree that a new model of management should be applied in case the organization is to achieve high results. The new model must incorporate the tenets of neo-liberalism into its productivity structures. Currently, scholars focus on exploring the new management dynamics that relate to post-Ford model of production. Scholars in the UK and the US perceive that the model should be adopted in order to enhance productivity in organizations. However, changing the work structure has micro and macro implications. Scholars of political economy and ethnographic sociology have posted their findings on the topic given its importance in the performance of organizations. This paper reviews a number of articles in order to shed some light on the topic. Views of Various Scholars on Post-Ford Production Model As earlier noted, scholars have posted various views regarding the management models in the current managerial systems. Their views can be categorized into a number of models. Under high performance work systems model, scholars such as Danford and Thompson have contributed enormously in enriching the topic. Handel and Gittleman are some of the scholars who have contributed to the development of high-performance work practices model. Ashton and Sung have conducted extensive research to establish the influence of high-performance work on organizations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A number of scholars have also discussed the issue of high involvement in detail. Some have talked about high involvement work systems while others stick to high involvement work practices. Harmon is one such scholar who talks about high involvement work systems while Fuertes and Sanchez capitalize their study on high involvement practices. The is sue of high involvement management is also of importance to scholars. Forth and Millward are some of the scholars who analyze the relationship between high involvement practices and the management strategies. Scholars such as Brown and Reich have postulated their findings regarding the relationship between high performance and employment systems. High commitment management is another model employed in analyzing the performance of employees. Baird, Whitefield, and Poole are some of the scholars who have posted their findings on commitment management model. Danford (2004) notes that the idea of high performance work systems is a mechanistic model that does not take into account the demands of human beings. He conducted a study on JetCo manufacturing company and came up with a number of suggestions. The company had a number of efficient practices at the start, but ended up with practices that were unpleasant to the workforce. The company had prolific initiatives aimed at improving the quality of production. The introduction of team leaders created tension among employees, which lowered the firm’s productivity. Employees perceived that their views were not given serious attention. On his part, Thompson (2003) notes that a significant factor regarding high performance work systems is reciprocity. In this regard, employers have a responsibility of ensuring that they develop trust and commitment towards employees. Therefore, the employer is charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the employee is provided with adequate training and efficient reward system. However, Thomson admits that employers in the neo-liberal economy are unable to fulfill the wishes of employees due to the challenges posed by the economy. On high performance work practices, Handel and Gittleman (2004) criticize the model by observing that it does not create a working relationship between workers and employers. The model is only known to increase wages. Therefore, the new model of h igh performance management is simply aimed at benefitting an individual, but does not increase productivity in the organization.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Performance Management Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ashton and Sung (2002) assert that it is proven scientifically that a strong relationship between human resource practices and improved performance exist. In particular, the relationship is strong in matters related to profitability and productivity. Therefore, the two scholars suggest that performance practices are closely related to the skills acquired by the employee. The relationship serves to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization. However, the scholars caution that the model is only applicable to certain industries. This means that the model does not solve managerial problems in all scenarios. Harmon (2003) conducted a research to explore the efficiency of th e American health care sector. In the study, a conclusion was drawn suggesting that a relationship between high performance management and employee efficiency existed. The study can be interpreted to mean that high involvement work systems are related to financial aspects. Fuertes and Sanchez (2003) extend the works of Harmon by observing that some factors motivate employers to adopt certain models. Employers calculate the benefits of the model before adopting it. Employers might prefer using less costly strategies, as opposed to using strategies that would drain their resources. Employers do not prefer some of the practices, such as rewarding employees with financial benefits because they eat up their profits. Employers prefer using non-financial rewards to appreciate their employees, such as awarding a promotion. Forth and Millward (2004) assert that high performance management is a concept that cannot be neglected given its effectiveness and influence on the performance of the or ganization. They further observe that all management practices are related to the high performance management model in one way or the other. Forth and Millward note that the high performance management model might be interrupted by deregulation of financial markets. Organizations in the modern financial markets go through a number of challenges that make it hard for employers to implement high performance management models.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competition in the market is stiff implying that employers are concerned with sustaining market competition, not enhancing structural organization of firms. Brown and Reich (1999) conducted a study on one of the Australian manufacturing companies. The company formulated a number of strategies aimed at improving the performance of the organization. The firm emphasized on team building, development of staff, and training. The firm adjusted its policies that focused on Taylor’s model to reflect modern managerial practices. Efficient planning and role allocation were some of the new strategies employed by the firm. The new tactics improved the performance of the organization in a number of ways. Whitefield and Poole (1997) observe that high commitment management is a highly sensitive issue. Therefore, it must be handled carefully. The main concern of employers is to increase production and organize work. The scholars note that before talking about performance management, the caus es of perennial problems in the organization must be handled. The above scholars suggest that organizations utilize their competitive advantages in the market to formulate innovative practices. The researchers conclude that implementation of high performance managerial practices generate new techniques that improve the performance of the organization. High performance management strategies are extremely costly, but their outcomes are productive. In this regard, they observe that high performance management models must produce high results for them to be maintained. In a study conducted in Europe, it was established that organizations with comprehensive new work practices tended to have high training needs. Regarding high commitment management, Baird (2002) notes that all stakeholders in the organization must be consulted before formulating any policy. Through consultative forum, the organization utilizes its resources in the most cost effective way. Moreover, embracing dialogue help s the firm in achieving its competitive advantage in the market. The role of professionals in the organization is to ensure social bonding and commitment to the new techniques of production. Conclusions Model managerial theories suggest that the work place is the main learning institution that enhances the capacity of employees. Older models suggest that employees are expected to join organizations when they are already equipped with adequate knowledge from colleges and universities. Things have since changed in the modern society. For instance, the works of modern scholars suggest that teamwork is one of the most crucial aspects of management. Employees are expected to be given chances to explore their potentials in the organization. This implies that employers are expected to allow some flexibility that permits sovereignty. References Ashton, D., Sung, J. (2002). Supporting Workplace Learning for High Performance Working. Geneva: International Labor Office. Baird, M. (2002). Chan ges, Dangers, Choice and Voice: Understanding What High Commitment Management Means for Employees and Unions. The Journal of Industrial Relations, 44(3), 359-375. Brown, C., Reich, M. (1997). Micro-Macro Linkages in High Performance Employment Systems. Organizational Studies, 18(5), 765-781. Danford, A. (2004). High Performance Work Systems and Workplace Partnership: A Case Study of Aerospace Workers. New Technology, Work and Employment, 19(1), 14-29. Forth, J., Millward, N. (2004). High-Involvement Management and Pay in Britain’, Industrial Relations, 43(1), 98-119. Fuertes, M., Sanchez, F. (2003). High-Involvement Practices in Human Resource Management: Concept and Factors that Motivate their Adoption. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(4), 511-529. Handel, J., Gittleman, M. (2004). Is There a Wage Pay-off to Innovative Work Practices? Industrial Relations, 43(1), 67-97. Harmon, J., (2003). Effects of High-Involvement Work Systems on Employee Satisfa ction and Service Costs in Veteran Healthcare. Journal of Health Management, 48(16), 393-418. Thompson, P. (2003). Disconnected Capitalism: Or Why Employers Cannot Keep Their Side of the Bargain. Work Employment and Society, 17(2), 359-378. Whitefield, K., Poole, M. (1997). Organizing Employment for High Performance: Theories, Evidence, and Policy. Organization Studies, 18(5), 745-764. This report on Performance Management Analysis was written and submitted by user Kimber A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cave Art Essays - Art Of The Upper Paleolithic, Chauvet Cave

Cave Art Essays - Art Of The Upper Paleolithic, Chauvet Cave Cave Art Cave ART At the foot of a cliff in the Ardche Gorges, in south-eastern France, amateur speleologists discovered the world's oldest painted prehistoric cave. Discovered on December 18, 1994, this cave features art that dates back thirty-one thousand years. Jean-Marie Chauvet, Eliette Brunel-Deschamps and Christian Hillaire, were the amateurs who discovered the cave that has come to be known simply as the Chauvet cave. The explorers were in Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France some thirty feet below ground. While exploring a cave, they were intrigued by a draft of air. They followed the draft to the source and discovered a cavity. This cavity then led to a vast network of galleries and rooms. The explorers were amazed. As they began to take a closer look, they saw columns of calc-spar, minerals in the walls, bones of bears. Suddenly, Eliette saw the image of a small mammoth on the wall in front of her. The adventurers were astounded. The walls began to come alive with engravings and paintings in red ochre and black. Everywhere they turned, there were these paintings that stretched hundreds of yards. The discoverers could not believe their eyes. Before them, were some three hundred horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, and mammoth. Some of the animals were alone, while some were drawn in packs. And finally, all of these paintings were awakened from thousands of years of deep sleep. Jean Clottes, a specialist in cave paintings, is commissioned to appraise the cave. He was able to verify that this was genuine Paleolithic art. Everything was authentic and perfectly preserved. Now, all that needs to be done is determine the age of these masterpieces. Six months later, carbon 14 dating analysis showed that one buffalo and two rhinoceros were no less than 31,000 years old. Suddenly, the cave paintings at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc found themselveds promoted to the rack of the oldest known cave paintings to date. The Ministry of Culture is quoted as saying that these datings have revolutionized hitherto accepted concepts on the appearance of art and its development, and prove that homo sapiens learnt to draw at a very early stage. Not only was there art found, but there was also many clues to the activities of primitive man. Charcoal, sediment extraction points, sharpened flint stones, and imprints were among some of the clues founds. The Chauvet cave is the discovery of a lif etime. It has provided many insights into the world of primitive art. It is truly a magnificent wonder of the world. Bibliography none

Music paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Music paper - Essay Example atthews band applies tragic irony, paradox that is representational and imagery in a bid to express the infinite struggle by human beings in pursuit of joy and the horrific occurrences underlying the extent of discontent in the society (Wvu.edu). Additionally, the Matthew’s band inculcates multiple techniques in order to express their notions. They apply the concealed devices that allude to the other techniques through the entire masterpiece. They apply paradoxical statements, irony and oxymoron to expound on their notions. In a bid to express a contradictory notion, the band inculcates ironic imagery, paradox and mood departure as a refrain to express their sentiments in the song (Hayes). Notably, the application of imagery in the song kicks off in the beginning of the song where a picture of kids lying in a magnificent park on a beautiful day with sun shining on the grass is displayed. Then, the imagery translates immediately to that of a siren blaring and a house blazing (Wvu.edu). This notion of imagery is purely ironic since a listener does not imagine of houses blazing and a beautiful day occurring consecutively. The emergent contrast between the two instances is pertinent. Another instance of ironic imagery is in the 3rd verse where two different people are involved, one enjoying a meal and the other starving. The eventual instance of ironic imagery is the one in the sixth verse where it espouses a kid trekking ten miles to school while another drops out (Lildrizzle). Mood is somehow a longer lasting emotion or feeling that differs from simple feelings in that they are not as intense and specific. The refrain inculcates a mood departure by altering the melody and the notions depicted in the song, comparing them to the present day life (Wvu.edu). The refrain happens both in the middle and towards the end of the song. It alters the mood completely since the music increases tempo and the words are projected closer together for the need of implying that

IMPROVING JOB SATISFACTION AND MORAL THROUGH EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Essay

IMPROVING JOB SATISFACTION AND MORAL THROUGH EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION - Essay Example Extrinsic motivators don’t do much in this regard that is why intrinsic motivators like satisfaction. Employees rate pleasant working conditions like a gift from the firm (Organ, 1988). In a study conducted by Burke and Wilcox (1969) it was found that a clear effect was attributable to openness in communication between superior and a subordinate; the greater openness of either superior or subordinate (or even both), the greater satisfaction of subordinate regarding five variables that directly depend on satisfaction. These comprise of â€Å"(1) Satisfaction with the Company, (2) Satisfaction with the Job, (3) Satisfaction with Performance Appraisal and Development Interview (climate for growth), (4) presence of a "Helping Relationship," and (5) Satisfaction with Supervisor† (Burke & Wilcox, 1969). This openness is more effective when initiated by the superior. When a superior initiates openness in conversation and behavior, the subordinate responds accordingly. The open ness doesn’t respond to any causal relationship (Burke & Wilcox, 1969). Communication is inevitable and absolutely essential for healthy functioning of an organization (Burke & Wilcox, 1969). Degree of openness in communication process is the key element that decides its effectiveness (Burke & Wilcox, 1969). An organization can cash in dividends by fostering effective communication and overcoming barriers to it (Burke & Wilcox, 1969). Summary Various studies have been conducted on recognizing patterns regarding job satisfaction. Obvious factors like personal preferences and the nature of job also play their part for an employee, but that is solely on employee’s discretion.... The author concludes that effective communication doesn’t need to be rigid and formal, in fact researches emphasize on the openness of communication and how it generates comfort level between superior and subordinate. Gone are the days of threatening an employee with firing unless certain benchmarks are met. These days the nature of work has changed dramatically, it is not possible anymore to impose rigid measuring frames to ‘qualify/quantify’ and employee’s performance. So under this added complexity at work, how employers cope with job frustration and boredom from employees? They bring in the motivational language. Job satisfaction increases productivity, the more the workforce considers themselves a part of the corporate the more they contribute. Now the question remains as what qualifies as a positive motivator and what constitutes as a failure. Incentives and perks has their importance as well as effective communication. Moreover, communication needs t o be effective in order to fulfill its purpose. The level openness in a talk between superiors and subordinates can achieve this effectiveness. This openness needs to be initiated by the superiors, as subordinates respond to this openness in a desired way. Such rapport creates comfort level at job. The easier the work environment becomes the low the job turnover will be. Job satisfaction is also related with employee participation in corporate dynamics. The more the employees involve in work place affairs, the greater is job satisfaction as well as performance.

Laser ablation technique

Laser ablation technique First laser ablation technique was invented in 1960. The history of laser ablation studies begins with the birth of the laser itself. Laser ablation is a technique of removing of material from superficial solid with the help of laser beam. The number of studies grows simultaneously in seventies and they got a great success but it was explored in the year 1985 with many applications for example laser medication, laser with mass spectrometry, laser with optical emission spectrometry and a thin film growth. Laser ablation-optical emission spectrometry (LA-OES) and laser ablation-mass spectrometry (LA-MS) had been investigated for quantitative and qualitative analysis of solid material. After this invention scientist has taken 20 years to explore the combination of laser sampling with a specific source capable of multi-element analysis laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.3LA-ICP-OES/MS technique is a non-destructive quantification of large number of sam ples so elements with low detection limit. Applications of LA-ICP-OES/MS give a great contribution in many field like archaeological, geological, environmental, forensic investigation and semiconductor industrial fields. The primary goal of laser ablation technique is to quantify element.2 There are many different pulse laser uses in ablation process. First laser which is used to ablate solid material for chemical quantify is ruby. This was achieved by Maiman of the Hughes Research Laboratory using a ruby crystal as the active medium.1 Now days Nd:YAG laser have been widely used in analytical science because it require little maintenance, easy to handle, and relatively cheaper. Basically ablation is affected by laser wavelength; there is a simple principal behind this technique, shorter the laser wavelengths gives higher the ablation rate and lower the fractionation. For Nd:YAGlasers,the fundamental wavelength is in the near-IR at 1064 nm. Year of first report on the different laser types and wavelengths for micro-scale analysis with ICP-MS3 Year Laser Wavelength Pulse duration 1985 Ruby 694 Ns 1992 Nd:YAG 1064 Ns 1993 Nd:YAG 266 Ns 1995 ArF 193 Ns 1996 KrF 248 Ns 1997 Nd:YAG 532 Ns 1997 XeCl 308 Ns 1998 Nd:YAG 213 Ns 2002 Ti:Sapphire ≈800 Fs 2003 F2 157 Ns 2003 Nd:YAG 193 Ns 2003 Ti:Sapphire ≈260 Fs In past there were many techniques tried for the sample introduction such as spark ablation, electro thermal vaporisation, direct sample insertion and laser ablation began to be used with ICP-MS. Laser pulses is use for ablate of solid material and carriage of the released material to the ICP in a gas flow, mostly argon is a best alternative to the nebulisation of aqueous sample solution. In addition laser ablation has a great advantage over other technique like reduce sample preparation; reduce spectral interference and rapid sample exchange.4 if we talk about the evolution of LA-ICP-MS in last few years many scientists work on a different field like geological applications of LA-ICP-MS, biological applications, metal, polymer, glass applications and they got a huge success. As we know that ruby was a first laser to ablate solid for introduction to ICP-MS. The main feature of ruby laser is ruby, flash tube, and elliptical reflector and trigger wire. Generally, crystal surface of one end is highly polished and silvered and the other end is partially polished. Ruby consists of aluminium oxide, Al2O3, to which has been added a small proportion (about 0.05% by mass) of Cr2O3. The ruby laser is totally based on the energy level principle. When chromium ion is excited from the ground level, this process is known as optical pumping. This is produced by an intense flash of white light from the flash tube and transition may occur. Spontaneous transitions produce photons, which trigger further emission. Photon travel perpendicular to the one end of the rod accumulates and release form the other end of the ruby rod which is partially silver polished. REMAINING Nd:YAG is widely uses in advance analytical practicals. Basically its work on different energy levels like ground level, meta stable level and pumping levels. In this system lasing occurs between the metastable levels. As the terminal level is essentially empty at room temperature, the population of E1 can be increased by a relatively small pump power above that of the E3 level. This is a significant advantage over the ruby system4. There is few influence of physical and chemical property of sample occurs because of aerosol particles generated by nanosecond laser ablation at 213 nm. The main problem of LA-ICP-MS is calibration strategy for a specific quantitative analysis. Different material have different matrix and when laser is introduce for ablation it may produce matrix â€Å"effect†. Matrix effect cause changes in volume and composition of the generated particles during thelaserbeam interaction with the different sample surfaces. To solve this problem we need to calibrat e the matrix match5. Principal of laser ablation A typical laser ablation system consists of laser, ablation process and detection system. Usually in this type of practical we use pulsed lasers. Argon or other inert gases typically carry the ablated sample into the ICP. Thermal and non- Thermal mechanism is involved in the ablation process but its depending on the wavelength of the laser. Test sample absorbed the laser light (thermal process) and transfer this energy into atomic lattice. Then outer layer of the sample breakdown and melting and vaporisation process may occur. Different chemical required different latent heat of vaporisation, researchers says that if the level of photon energy is more than the bounding energy between two atoms in a solid sample. The electromagnetic laser radiation breaks the atomic lattices and ejects ion and atoms without producing any heat.8 The following are the basic principle of laser ablation.6 Solid sample of a specific size is set up in a special design laser ablation chamber. Optical lens can be used for the investigation of solid specimen surface and select region to be analysed. The parallel radiation of solid state laser, gas laser or excimer laser with specific energy and time duration. Then introduce laser light directly onto the small region of sample with the help of optical lens. Ablated sample material range from nanogram to milligram produced by one or more laser shots consist of vaporised ions, small solid particles, solidified liquid droplets, free atoms and few clusters. If the vapours contain significant population of excited or ionized atoms, direct LA-AES and LA-MS for element analysis is possible. We can introduce ablated material in ICP as an aerosol by the flow of carrier gas; generally we use argon gas as a carrier. In second step ablated material is completely atomized, excited and ionised. The radiation of the atomic emission or the masses of isotopes species can be recorded with the help of different kind of detectors in spectrometers of LA-ICP-MS and LA-ICP-OES6. Principal of laser action remain.diagram An ideal solid sampling method should include the following features.6 Handle small and large sample size. Accurate measurement. Simple operation. Reproducible sampling. Simultaneous multi element analysis. Applicable to wide range of sample composition. Wide dynamic range. Variability from micro analysis to macro analysis. Acceptable cost of instrument and maintenance. Suitable method for quantification. Ablation stage.2 As we know the main feature of laser ablation lens, ablation chamber, and adjustable platform. Lens is fixed into optical microscope so that optical and visual focusing coincides and sample surface can be seen by CCD camera. Analytical sample is placed in a chamber which is made up of fused silica window. The adjustable chamber directly connected with computer and controls the position of sample in x, y, z directions. Few micron of displacement is achieved by this technique without any hindrance. Depending on the timing between individual laser pulses and platform movement, different tasks such as depth profiling, spatial profiling, surface and bulk analyzes are possible. If we applies laser ablation with inductive couple plasma, it require inert gas to transport the ablate sample to ICP. Argon and helium is widely use as a carrier gas. These gases provide better transportation and ablation rate. To improve transport efficiency, the sample or chamber is placed directly under the ICP torch. Detection system.2 ICP-MS Quadrupole mass analysers are used in inductive couple plasma mass spectrometry. However, time of flight, double focusing electro static- magnetic sector, multiple faraday Analogue detector instruments, ion trap mass analyser have been used with ICP-MS. Quadrupole mass analyser has a ability to scan between two different masses. We can measure 1000 masses in only one second. There is one disadvantage of using quadrupole mass analysers, if ablated vapour contains large particles so, it may produce some spatial changes such as enhancements or depressions in the signal level and chemistry. Double focusing electrostatic-magnetic sector instruments produce high resolution and very low background levels. For isotopes ratio applications usually we can use multiple faraday analogue detectors because its give a very high precision and time of flight instruments are better suited for laser ablation sampling ICP-MS. This system is able to remove the specific errors due to large particles in ICP.2 Ablation cells ref 3 Direct solid micro-analysis using Laser ablation Inductive couple plasma mass spectrometry has been used in many applications such as forensic, art, geo-sciences, material science, bio- science and cultural heritage. During the LA-ICP-MS measurement ablation cell plays an important role because it allows a quantitative transport aerosol and lead to a rapid transport from the ablation site to the ICP source. The guiding criteria were maximization of both aerosol extraction efficiency and transport speed. Usually there are two type of ablation cell is use in ablation system, open cell and a closed cell. The first open cell was invented in the year 1970 for flame atomic absorption spectrometry or microwave discharges. The cell size was a compromise between signal dispersion and minimization of aerosol spattering on the walls (so-called wall reaction), which is enhanced in reduced size cells. Dittrich and Wennrich first introduced fully enclosed ablation cell chamber. This system has many advantages like no sample preparation is required for ablation such as surface polishing, and at atmospheric pressure that permitted the direct analysis of pressed pellets, clearly unstable under vacuum conditions.ref 3 Sample prepration Calibration strategy There is no universal method of calibration for all of solid-sample types. There are three general groups of calibration strategies Calibration can then be achieved by comparing the response for the internal standard element in a reference material and the unknown.ref 5 Matrix-matched direct solid ablation ref 1 Matrix match is very popular technique for LA-ICP-MS. Matrix matching is necessary because the ablation rate varies with the sample matrix. Matrix matched standard consist of mixture of an appropriate matrix material with the analyte. Dual introduction (sample-standard) This method does not require the reference standards to be introduced by laser ablation.In this technique we use two sample introduction channels. One channel is for ablated material and another for nebulizer aqueous solution standards. Usually this method is used for semi-quantitative analysis with LA-ICP-MS. Direct liquid ablation Gunther et al. First demonstrate direct liquid ablation technique for LA- ICP-MS. Na (all elements) and Yb (rare earth elements only) were used as internal standards. To explain the similar ablation behaviour of liquids and solids, particle size distributions were measured and the contribution to the total ablation volume was calculated.ref 1 Sample introduction for LA-ICP-OES/MS ref 4 In many fields like clinical analysis, forensic, and biological the volume of sample available can be lower than 1 millilitre. The low sample consumption systems improve the analyte transport efficiencies afforded by conventional setups, some time solvent system may cause may type of interferences. It can be reduced by working at very low very low liquid flow rates. It can be observed that, in some cases, the sample volume is below 100ÃŽ ¼l. Usually, when liquid sample is analyse with the help of inductive couple plasma mass spectrometry or optical emission spectrometry. Nebulizers is use to transform liquid solution into an aerosol. A typically nebulizer deliver the solution with a specific rate on the order of 0.5-2ml/min. There are many different type of nebulizer is available such as, micro nebulizer, high efficiency nebulizer, micro concentric nebulizer, micro mist nebulizer, sonic spray nebulizer etc. Basic reason to use a nebulizer is to generate aerosol. Micro nebulizer is ve ry popular used in ICP-OES/MS. A micro nebulizer is used to generate stable aerosols at liquid flow rates below 100-200ÃŽ ¼l/min. Aerosol generation. Micro nebulizer provides finer aerosols, higher ICP sensitivities and lower limits of detection low liquid flow rates. A typical concentric nebulizer has lower capillary inner diameters and wall thickness than conventional ones. For conventional pneumatic nebulizers, the dimensions of liquid capillaries or the wall thickness and inner diameter are not appropriate for the generation of fine aerosols at low flow rates. It has been claimed that it is difficult to generate stable aerosols with conventional nebulizers at liquid flow rates below 300ÃŽ ¼l/min. In transport of liquid, if the flow rate is below then 100ÃŽ ¼l/min. So, solvent evaporation is enhanced and, on the other hand, droplet coalescence is dampened in the former situation. Solvent evaporation and aerosol characteristics at low liquid flow rate can be evaluated by this equation: D3 = d30 Et Where d is the drop diameter at a given time t, d0 is the initial drop diameter and E is the so-called evaporation factor. There are many different devices used for the introduction of liquid micro samples in ICP techniques. It can be classified into three different groups. A nebulizer coupled to a spray chamber; A nebulizer coupled to a desolvation system; A direct injection nebulizer. Micro nebulizers coupled to spray chambers: Usually in the analysis of micro samples, pneumatic concentric micro nebulizers are widely used with ICP-MS as well as ICP-OES/AES. High efficiency nebulizer {HEN}: First high efficiency nebulizer was invented in the year 1992. HEN is totally made up of glass. Its design is similar to a Meinhard ® but the critical dimension is less than the other one. It has many advantages like because of the reduced inner diameter of the capillary, even clean aqueous solutions must be filtered to avoid tip blockage caused by the presence of fibres or small particles. And due to the low cross section area of the gas exit, pressure of the gas is rather high. Micro concentric nebulizer (MCN) The micro concentric nebulizer can be easily introduced with double pass or cyclonic spray chambers by means of special end caps. MCN consist of polyamide narrow capillary and a t-shaped plastic body. The cross section area of the gas exit is very less. This gives a huge drawback because the aerosol is generated at the exit of the nebulizer where the gas stream has lost a fraction of its kinetic energy. MCN can be considered as a rather fragile nebulizer. This type of nebulizer is very popular in the application of inductive couple mass spectrometry and optical emission spectrometry because it provides great sensitivities than conventional pneumatic nebulizers. Micro mist nebulizer (MMN): The MMN is a modified glass conventional concentric nebulizer. Micro mist nebulizer has an ability to recess the liquid capillary with respect to the nebulizer tip. This important feature allows to working with high salt content solutions without suffering from nebulizer tip blockage. PFA micro nebulizer (PFAN): The PFA (tetrafluoroethylene-per-fluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer) micro nebulizer is an HF resistant. Basically this nebulizer is used for the analysis of samples containing high concentrations of organic solvents and dissolved solids. The PFA nebulizer has been extensively used under free aspiration mode. Usually this nebulizer is used for the analysis for extremely diluted samples without contamination from pump tubing and, at the same time, reduces the signal noise. Multi micro spray nebulizer (MMSN): The Multi micro spray nebulizer (MMSN) enhances the interaction efficiency between the gas and liquid streams. This is a modified version of the SSN. In this system the sample solution is divided into 3 parts, each one of the three capillaries employed is centred with three respective gas exit orifices and it has three aerosol generation points like three micro nebulizers. Thats why is called as multi micro spray nebulizer. Figures of merit demerit of LA-ICP-OES and LA-ICP-MS ref 8 The figures of merit are depending on the operating condition, instrumentation and applications of laser ablation inductive couple plasma mass spectrometry. The best advantage of LA-ICP-MS is sensitivity, detection efficiency, direct sampling multi element quantification at the surface and bulk for elemental composition of solids, Reduced risks of analyte loss or cross-contaminations, Determination of spatial distribution of elemental compositions, Independent of sample geometry, No chemical procedures and Analysis of very small samples.ref 8 The disadvantage of this technique is very less. Some time the common matrix and molecular species can interact with the active analyte or some double charged molecular species create difficulty in quantification. Applications of ICP-OES/MS 1) Recent applications on isotope ratio measurements by LA-ICP-MS (ref 9) LA-ICP-MS is a powerful and sensitive technique for analysing stable and radioactive isotopes in different application fields because of their low good accuracy, detection limits and precision. ICP-MS can be use for isotope ratio measurements of Mg, Ca and K in plants, soils and nutrient solutions. Serious difficulties were encountered during the analysis of K and Ca isotope by ICP-MS. The problem is rise because of the interferences. 2) LA-ICP-MS on biological samples and single particles (ref 9) New trend focus on isotope dilution technique together with neon flow injections. Today, LA-ICP-MS is very popular method for determination of metals, for example on protein bands in gels after the gel electrophoresis of protein mixtures. In future LA-ICP-MS could be able to improve in the resolution of sub-micrometer range for isotope ratio measurements in biological and medical samples. 3) LA-ICP-MS for the elemental analysis of bone and teeth samples for discrimination purposes ( ref 10) Human bone and teeth is useful evidence when found in crime scenes because it consists of isotopic property. Usually LA-ICP-SF-MS method is applied for analysis of bone and teeth. In this method non-matrix calibration is required and its only required micro gram of sample for analysis. This is a fast and easy elemental analysis technique using LA-ICP-SF-MS for the intra-inter human discrimination of skeletal remains. 4) LA-ICP-MS for surface analysis (ref 6 ) LA-ICP-MS is also used for the determination of lateral element distribution has also been described for ceramic layers and for profiling of metal layers. With the help of this technique we can measure the size of Al2O3, MgO and complex CaO, MgO and Al2O3. 5) Environmental applications and Geological applications (ref 1) LA-ICP-MS has a excellent capacity to determined chemical content present in tree samples because of the high spatial resolution provided by a focused laser beam. The excellent sensitivity of LA-ICP-MS allows measurements of very low detection limit and multiple quantitative analyses. Geochronology is one of the basic principles in earth sciences. Age can be determined by measuring the 206Pb/238U, 207Pb/235U, and 207Pb/206Pb ratios. LA-ICP-MS has the ability to do spatially resolved in-situ determination of U_Pb isotopic compositions in zircons. 6) The emerging role of ICP-MS in proteomic analysis {ref 11} ICP-MS stands now as a new tool in the field of quantitative proteomics. The system to be analysed may be very small e.g. a single cell, with 0.5 pL volume and ca. 50 pg total protein content. The below diagram describe the emerging role of mass spectroscopy. Recent trends and developments in laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry Now, laser technology is not a new thing in any field. Laser is widely used in different programs such as for medical applications, for micro-machining, in CD-players, light shows and in analytical chemistry. As we know that laser is used for direct analysis of the elemental composition of solids, mostly solid state lasers, such as Nd:YAG laser with at 1064 nm wavelength is very popular in the determination of many things. But the trend moves towards the shorter wavelengths 1064 nm to 157 nm. In laser ablation set up we can use excimer lasers with different wavelength like XeCl 308 nm, KrF 248 nm, ArF 193 nm, and F2 157 nm. Laser ablation inductive couple plasma is one of the flexible and powerful technique in analytical field for isotope ratio measurement and direct determination of solids. A variety of calibration techniques have been developed and successfully applied to LA-ICP-MS. There is a great development with respect to calibration strategies. Intensively study is going on t he matrix-independent calibration procedures using external reference materials and/or internal standardization. Ref 12 Determination of boron in silicon wafers with the help of on-line isotope dilution laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) method. This is a new and successful method. In this technique ablated aerosol sample was mixed on-line with enriched boron and conventional nebulizer system is used for continuous supply. By the mixing of two different aerosols, isotope ratio of boron has been changed and it is recorded by ICP-MS system. In this system accurately quantifies boron concentrations in silicon wafers without the need for an internal or external solid reference standard material. On-line solution-based isotope dilution in laser ablation ICP-MS is an accurate, simple, precise and quantification procedure. Below the process diagram of on-line isotope dilution LA-ICP-MS There is a still study and research on the new calibration method combine with IDA and LA-ICP-MS without using standard reference materials. In future we will focus on the applicability of this on-line LA-ICP-IDMS quantification concept to the determination of trace analytes in various other matrices.ref 13 Refrence. (http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayArticleForFree.cfm?doi=a901765hJournalCode=JA Laser ablation in analytical chemistry—a review Science direct. Solid sample analysis using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry Volume 24, Issue 3, March 2005, Pages 255-265Trace-metal analysis http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayArticleForFree.cfm?doi=b202988j Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy Volume 65, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 51-60 Influence of physical properties and chemical composition of sample on formation of aerosol particles generated by nanosecondlaser ablationat 213nm First Laser ablation principle and application Google book. Laser in analytical atomic spectrometry google book. http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayArticleForFree.cfm?doi=a901765hJournalCode=JA Laser ablation in analytical chemistry—a review science direct

The Poets and Writers of the Harlem Renaissance :: Authors

The Poets and Writers of the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was a great time of achievement for the black poets and writers of the 1920s and early '30s. Many had a hard life living in the Harlem district of New York city. The foundations of this movement were laid in the social and political thought of the early 20th century. One of the most famous of these black political leaders was W.E.B. DuBois. DuBois was the editor of the influential magazine "The Crisis." In this magazine he repeatedly rejected the notion that blacks could achieve social equality by following white ideals and standards. He strongly strove for the renewal of black racial pride through increased emphasis on their African culture and heritage. Langston Hughes, another writer of the Harlem Renaissance, is known and remembered for writing during the movement, but not being guided by a common literary purpose. The only issue that greatly influenced his writings was his own experiences with being an African American. Langston Jughes poems and writings realistically depicted the life of black Americans. These were lives and situations many people outside their race knew nothing about. His work was of high quality and won a favorable reception from the major publishing houses, who were willing to promote his writings only for commercial reasons. Many of these publishing houses stressed their notion of Harlem as an alien, but also as an exotic and unknown place of strange new wonders. During the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes had four major writings that promoted the African Negritude Movement. The first was a critical essay entitled "The Negro Artist and the Racial Movement," which discussed the excitement of this time period. Later, he would write "The Big Sea," an autobiography stating the hardships in his life due to his race. The other two influentioal writings of Hughes, was his two poems, "The Weary Blues" and "Fine Clothes to the Jew." Both were experimental in content and form, which made Jughes leary of their acceptance. Fortunately, they both were accepted and provided a much needed strength to the movement. Langston Hughes is greatly remembered for his genius for merging the comic and the pathetic. His works also influenced many humorists and satirists. But of all his gifts to society, his most enduring was his belief in the commonality of all cultures and the universality of human suffering.

The Book Gender

In chapter six of the book Gender: Ideas, Interactions and Institutions, Lisa Wade and Myra Marx Ferree discuss inequality involving men and masculinities. The reading talks about the concept of â€Å"doing gender†, braking or going by certain gender rules, is performed by everyone in order to fit into society. The concept that there are two genders, otherwise known as gender binary, is hierarchical and places men above women and values masculinity above femininity. (Wade 113). This has bad outcomes for both genders due to the fact that for women, it reduces their social status. For men, it leads them to believe their interests take more priority than women. The chapter then discusses an example of this with cheerleading where in the mid 1800s, cheerleading was an all male sport and it was â€Å"too masculine for women.† When women showed interest in the sport, it changed how people thought of cheerleading. The focus on the chapter is to show the different ways social inequality occurs and gives different examples of situations in which certain traits of masculinity are glorified, allowing certain men to be glorified. The chapter continues through talking about hegemony; a sociological concept used to help us understand this social inequality in our society. Men who fail to embody hegemonic masculinity, otherwise known as being the â€Å"idealized man† are lower on the scale that establishes the hierarchy of man that ranks them from most to least masculine. The traits of a â€Å"higher up man† would include strength, white, athletic and be considered a â€Å"real man.† This is experienced on both the individual and group level, because individual men are viewed as a certain way, but are put into distinct groups because of it. An example of this is men who are physically weak are called â€Å"wimps†, but solely based on their individual traits. Men take many risks in their lives and are shown to be more likely to get into a fight than a woman. (Wade 129). Research was done to show the different arrests based on an individual's sex. It showed that all crimes were over 50% male with murder, rape and carrying weapons being the greatest percentage over 80%. These rules of masculinity keep men from being able to express certain emotions, even enough to develop intimate friendships. A psychologist named Niobe Way interviewed boys about their friendships, with a 17 year old mind answering that their relationship is mostly â€Å"joking around† and â€Å"not about serious stuff.† This proves the argument that men have to follow the gender rules of masculinity, which is unfair because they feel unable to show emotions while women are more likely to seek help. Men become lonely and are more likely to commit suicide. These aspects of doing gender as a man are called toxic masculinity, because they are bad for other men, women and the individual man himself. These include some of the traits explained above, like suppressing emotion and dangerous actions. The authors were able to prove their argument of certain men being put over others, especially women. Those hegemonic traits allow them to avoid femininity and contribute to the sexist society we are in today. Avoiding acting like a girl is constraining to men, and limit their lives option in order to remain a â€Å"manly man.† There are lots of research involving examples of men giving up all feminine acts or of their masculine traits giving them power over â€Å"weaker† men, but especially women. In preforming in strictly manly activities, men tend to miss out of things they may enjoy just because they are considered more â€Å"feminine.† Men continue this act of masculinity to preserve the privileges and the gender binary that gives hegemonic masculinity its power (Wade 136). They choose to follow the rules, or appear as lower in the hierachy. Wherever they fall though, they all have a fear of joining the men who are disadvantaged and in the lower parts of the hiarchy. Some future studies about this idea of men challenging the gender binary. Few men do, while many women are less afraid to do so. Research could involve what men would be more likely to challenge the gender rules and face falling lower, and how those men would affect our society with them performing more feminine acts. Understanding both men and women's experiences and perspective can help us better perform gender to where both genders actions aren't constrained to the binary gender system.

Critique Of Hegel s Philosophy Of Right - 957 Words

According to Marx â€Å"we do not attempt dogmatically to prefigure the future, but want to find the new world only through criticism of the old† (MER 13). Criticism is an active practice that involves gaining a knowledge and understanding of the past to improve its problems. A problem Marx sees in his time is the passive dogmatists that deal with abstractions such as idealism, or religion. He instead wants to offer a solution through the concrete: history and criticism, particularly that of religion, philosophy, and political economy. Beginning with Marx’s Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, is the critique of religion. He states that the basis of religious criticism is that â€Å"man makes religion; religion does not make man† (53). In a religious society man has lost himself in an abstraction, marveling in the very God he created, which he states is an â€Å"inverted world conscious† (53). By criticizing religion it allow s man to regain reason and create his own reality rather than focusing on the abstract such as heaven. Once we have criticized religion and removed ourselves from the illusions of religion, the criticism will then lead into a progression of criticism leading into politics, â€Å"the criticism of religion into the criticism of law, and the criticism of theology into the criticism of politics† (54). Marx then leads in to the criticism of history, where criticism of the past will then bring us an understanding to better criticize the present, andShow MoreRelatedVisions Of Reforms And Reformation1488 Words   |  6 PagesWhere is progress bringing us? In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (1792), Wollstonecraft described the concept of progress as consisting in the basic ideas of moral equality and reason. Wollstonecraft (1999, Introduction) decried that the unnatural distinction of female subordination was immoral and unjust because it denied individual agency and virtues. Without equal moral and natural rights women exposed themselves to mediocrity and alienatedRead MoreEssay about Hegel and The Libertarians2958 Words   |  12 PagesHegel and The Libertarians ABSTRACT: This paper aims to show how the Hegelian philosophy can contribute to the conceptual discussions between the two strains of contemporary ethical-political philosophy. I argue that the Hegelian political theory is of central import to the discussion between communitarians and libertarians, both in the communitarian criticism of the libertarian — mainly in Michael Sandels criticism of Rawls — and in the Rawlsian project of a society founded in justice as equalityRead MoreThe Perspectives of Marx and Engels Upon the Role of Religion2065 Words   |  9 Pagesdeveloped. This work will consider the perspectives of Marx and Engels upon the role of Religion and will cover the following topics: Marx and his importance in the science of Sociology, Marx and Engels ideology and how they move away from the philosophy of Hegel and thirdly, Marx and Engels perspective on Religion by using the basis of the dogma as being a human phenomenon. This essay will also define the me taphor of base, superstructure, the theories of alienation and how these theories tie in withRead MoreMarx and Engels View of Religion Essay2068 Words   |  9 Pageslecture notes and journal articles will be used to research and answer the essay question. The essay will cover the following topics: Marx and his importance in the science of Sociology, Marx and Engels ideology and how they move away from the philosophy of Hegel, the idea of false consciousness, Marx and Engels perspective on Religion by using the basis of the dogma as being a human phenomenon. This essay will also define the metaphor of base and superstructure, the theories of alienation and its connectionRead More Transcending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the Humanities4411 Words   |  18 Pagesand examines his notion of the dis-alienating power of the aesthetic imagination. In his view, aesthetic education can become the foundation of a re-humanizing critical theory. I question the epistemological unde rpinnings of Marcuses educational philosophy and suggest an alternative intellectual framework for interpreting and releasing the emancipatory power of education. Truth is ugly. We possess art lest we perish of the truth. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power #822 What is theRead MoreHow the Social Importance of Religion Has Receded with Modernity1617 Words   |  7 Pagescentury that inequalities have become widely questioned and criticised from the standpoint of social justice† (Rees, 1971). Religion has always been a fundamental component of civilization and society, especially up until the dawn of modernity. Right up until the mid to late Age of Discovery, religion was at the very heart of nations. For example, nine Crusades and religious wars occurred in the name of God between two of the three Abrahamic religions, Islam and Christianity. It was only at theRead MoreKarl Marx s Influence On The Social And Political Fields2376 Words   |  10 Pagesclass developed and gave dimensions to governmental and socio-economic factors. After an raucous year at the University of Bonn, Marx’ parents enrolled him into the University of Berlin, where he studied law and became enamored with the philosophy of G.W. F. Hegel. Abandoning his ideas of romanticism, he joined the Young Hegelians, a group of German Intellectuals that believed in a more spiritual theory that cultivated the human society. Members of this group were notably, scholars Bruno Bauer andRead MoreKarl Marx, Max Weber And Emile Durkheim1447 Words   |  6 Pagesstrongly believe that they understood its power, and demonstrated its importance to people and societies. As such, I will utilize all three of these great minds, to demonstrate religion as an important and permanent part of culture and society. Let s begin with Karl Marx, and his conflict theory. According to Ashley Crossman, conflict theory â€Å"emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order† (Crossman, n.d.-a). Marx formulated this theory on his views that society was dividedRead MoreContemporary Political Ideas Of Liberalism2003 Words   |  9 PagesBenjamin Constant, a Swiss-French political activist. The central principles of Liberalism are rights and popular sovereignty. Constant’s defense of individual rights are very much tied up with the idea of limiting state power. His work reveals a subtle suspicion of governmental power and a slight anxiety over the risks of giving power to those who may not have societal interest at heart. The critique of society made by Constant has underlying similarities and forthright differences with the CommunistRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagescomplete scientific system. Despite this the book does have a definite unity. This will be found in the sequence of the essays, which for this reason are best read in the order proposed. However, it would perhaps be advisable for readers unversed in philosophy to put off the chapter on reification to the very end. A few words of explanation — superfluous for many readers perhaps — are due for the prominence given in these pages to the presentation, interpretation and, discussion of the theories of Rosa